MₐVₐnₐ = M_bV_bn_b at equivalence
Titration determines the concentration of an analyte by reacting it with a solution of known concentration (titrant) until the equivalence point. At equivalence: moles acid × H⁺ factor = moles base × OH⁻ factor, or MₐVₐnₐ = MbVbnb. The endpoint is detected by a color change in an indicator (phenolphthalein for strong acid/strong base) or a pH meter. Procedure: pipette a known volume of analyte, add indicator, slowly add titrant from a burette, stop at color change. For polyprotic acids, multiple equivalence points exist. Common titrations: HCl/NaOH, acetic acid/NaOH (weak acid/strong base), and redox titrations (KMnO₄, Na₂S₂O₃). Titration curves plot pH vs volume and reveal pKa, equivalence pH, and buffer regions.